Hybrid communications link

ABSTRACT

A hybrid communications link includes a slow, reliable communications link and a fast unreliable communications link. Communication via the hybrid communications link selectively uses both the slow, reliable communications link and the fast, unreliable communications link.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

For some years, there has been extensive use of radio frequency (RF)channels to transport data packets, such as those used for communicatingvia the Internet (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) packets). Suchtechnologies have been used both in scenarios in which some or all ofthe nodes are stationary (e.g., to link a cellular base station to aregional center), as well as in scenarios in which some or all of thenodes are moving (e.g., for communication between aircraft). Thesimplest versions of these communications links employ omni-directionalantennas because there is no need to correctly point such antennas inorder to communicate. High performance versions, however, typicallyemploy directional antennas because they provide higher quality (e.g.,faster) communications links.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using optical(e.g., laser based) links instead of RF links. Laser beams are harder tocorrectly point than RF beams, however, because laser beams aretypically much narrower than even highly directional RF beams. Once thelaser beams are correctly pointed, however, they can provide much fastercommunications links than RF beams. For example, a freespace opticallink might provide 10 Gigabits per second (10 Gbps) throughput, whereasan RF link of similar size and power might provide 500 Megabits persecond (500 Mbps). Thus, in this example, the optical link is twentytimes as fast as the RF link.

Optical links have significant drawbacks, however, even aside from thedifficulty in accurately pointing them. First, they may experiencemomentary or prolonged outages due to obscurations in the atmosphere,such as dust, fog, clouds, or other particulates. Second, blooms ofatmospheric turbulence may momentarily defocus or bend the beam so thatit does not reach the receiver at sufficient power for correctreception. Third, when used on moving platforms (e.g., aircraft orspacecraft), the platform motion itself may induce short outages, suchas when an airplane banks and a wing comes between the transmitter andreceiver or when a spacecraft does not quite properly compensate for itsown vibrations and hence mispoints its beam for a short while.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary network in which systems andmethods consistent with the principles of the invention may beimplemented;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of a node of FIG. 1 according to animplementation consistent with the principles of the invention;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary block diagram of a portion of the link memory,the low bandwidth link memory (“memory LBL”), and the high bandwidthlink memory (“memory HBL”) of FIG. 2 according to an implementationconsistent with the principles of the invention;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary block diagram of the outbound queue of the linkmemory of FIG. 3 according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention;

FIG. 5 is an exemplary block diagram of a portion of the outbounddatabase of the link memory of FIG. 3 according to an implementationconsistent with the principles of the invention;

FIG. 6 is an exemplary block diagram of a portion of the inbounddatabase of the link memory of FIG. 3 according to an implementationconsistent with the principles of the invention;

FIGS. 7A-7C are flowcharts of exemplary processing for transmitting anoutbound packet according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for retrying transmissionof outbound packets according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for receiving an inboundpacket according to an implementation consistent with the principles ofthe invention;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for transmitting anacknowledgement message according to an implementation consistent withthe principles of the invention;

FIG. 11 is an exemplary diagram of an acknowledgement message accordingto an implementation consistent with the principles of the invention;

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for receiving anacknowledgement message according to an implementation consistent withthe principles of the invention; and

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for clearing debris fromthe outbound database according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description of preferred embodiments according tothe invention refers to the accompanying drawings. The same referencenumbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.

Systems and methods consistent with the principles of the inventionprovide a hybrid link that pairs up a slower, but more reliablecommunications link (e.g., an RF link) with a faster, but less reliablecommunications link (e.g., a free space optical link) to achieve betterperformance than either of the links alone (where “fast” and “slow” and“more reliable” and “less reliable” are measured relative to thelinks—in other words, one link is faster than the other and one is morereliable than the other). Communication over the hybrid link may includeselectively sending data on the slower, more reliable link andselectively sending data on the faster, less reliable link. In someinstances, communication over the hybrid link may include sending dataover both the slower, more reliable link and the faster, less reliablelink.

According to one aspect consistent with the principles of the invention,a method for communicating between first and second nodes is provided.The method may include selectively transmitting a data unit from thefirst node to the second node over a first link and selectivelytransmitting the data unit from the first node to the second node over asecond link, where the first link is slower and more reliable than thesecond link.

According to another aspect, a hybrid communications link between twonodes is provided. The hybrid communications link may include a slow,reliable communications link and a fast, unreliable communications link.Communication between the two nodes may selectively use both the slow,reliable communications link and the fast, unreliable communicationslink.

According to a further aspect, a node in communication with another nodeis provided. The node includes a first transceiver to communicate over aslow, reliable link, a second transceiver to communicate over a faster,less reliable link relative to the slow, reliable link, and a linkprocessor. The link processor may determine whether a data unit can betransmitted over the slow, reliable link and transmit the data unit overthe slow, reliable link via the first transceiver when the data unit canbe transmitted over the slow, reliable link. The link processor may alsodetermine whether the data unit can be transmitted over the faster, lessreliable link and transmit the data unit over the faster, less reliablelink via the second transceiver when the data unit can be transmittedover the faster, less reliable link.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary network 100 in which systemsand methods consistent with the principles of the invention may beimplemented. Network 100 may include nodes 110-1 through 110-6(collectively referred to as “nodes 110”) that communicate with oneanother via links 120-1 through 120-7 (collectively referred to as“links 120”). While FIG. 1 shows that network 100 includes six nodes andseven links, a typical network 100 may include more or fewer of thesenodes and/or links.

Nodes 110 may include different types of nodes, such as land/water-basednodes 110-1 and 110-2, sky-based nodes 110-3 and 110-4, and space-basednodes 110-5 and 110-6. Land/water-based nodes 110-1 and 110-2 mightinclude any terrestrial or marine communication device capable ofcommunicating with another land/water-based node and/or a sky-based orspace-based node. Examples of land/water-based nodes 110-1 and 110-2might include cellular base stations, ground stations, terminals,workstations, personal computers, cellular telephones, personal digitalassistants, and water-borne platforms (e.g., ships, boats, and oilplatforms).

Sky-based nodes 110-3 and 110-4 might include any communication deviceassociated with an aircraft capable of communicating with anothersky-based node and/or a space-based or land/water-based node. Examplesof sky-based nodes 110-3 and 110-4 might include airplanes, helicopters,and blimps. Space-based nodes 110-5 and 110-6 might include anycommunication device associated with a spacecraft capable ofcommunicating with another space-based node and/or a sky-based orland/water-based node. Examples of space-based nodes 110-5 and 110-6might include satellites, spaceships (e.g., space shuttles), and spacestations.

Nodes 110 communicate with one another via links 120. One or more oflinks 120 may include hybrid links consistent with the principles of theinvention. As illustrated in FIG. 1, link 120-1 includes a hybrid linkthat is made up of a link 130 and a link 140. Link 130 may include ahigh bandwidth, less reliable (e.g., intermittent) link, such as anoptical link. Link 140 may include a low bandwidth, more reliable link,such as an RF link.

Although there are many different reasons why an optical link (e.g.,link 130) might momentarily degrade, or even degrade for significantperiods of time, the optical link conveys information (e.g., packets) somuch faster than an RF link (e.g., link 140) that it would be desirableto employ the optical link whenever possible, but still use the RF linkessentially all of the time. In short, it would be desirable to harnessthe “bursts of brilliance” (i.e., periods in which enormous amounts ofdata can be delivered very quickly) that an optical link might providein order to send as many packets as possible during its intervals ofconnectivity, but to also employ an RF link in order to keep up aslower, but more reliable, link for times when the optical link isdisrupted.

A hybrid link, consistent with the principles of the invention, may takeadvantage of optical links that “flicker” in and out of service atfairly fast rates. For example, the hybrid link may allow use of opticallinks that have deep fades (i.e., momentary outages) of fiftymilliseconds or less. The hybrid link would also be beneficial, however,with optical links that have longer outages (e.g., minutes at a time).

While links 130 and 140 have been described as optical and RF links,respectively, this need not be the case. For example, one or more oflinks 130 and 140 may include an acoustic link or a magnetic link.Alternatively, links 130 and 140 may include different varieties of RFlinks or optical links. While FIG. 1 shows that link 120-1 includes asingle link 130 and a single link 140, link 120-1 may alternativelyinclude multiple links 130 and/or links 140 in other implementationsconsistent with the principles of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of a node 110-x (where node 110-xrefers to one of nodes 110 in FIG. 1) according to an implementationconsistent with the principles of the invention. Node 110-x may includelink processor 210, link memory 220, low bandwidth link memory (memoryLBL) 230, transceiver LBL 232, antenna LBL 234, high bandwidth linkmemory (memory HBL) 240, transceiver HBL 242, and antenna HBL 244. Node110-x may optionally also include switch/router 250 and other links 260.In other implementations, node 110-x may include more, fewer, ordifferent components.

Link processor 210 may include a general purpose or specializedprocessor that is designed to support communication over one or morecommunications links, such as links 130 and 140. For example, linkprocessor 210 may include a central processing unit, a microprocessor, amicrocontroller, a digital signal processor, a field programmable gatearray, an application specific integrated circuit, or any combination ofthese. Link processor 210 may also include its own local memory thatstores programs and working data. Link processor 210 may perform certaincommunication-related processing in addition to any other services thatmay be useful for communication over a link, such as link management andtroubleshooting, control for pointing and tracking, etc.

Link memory 220 may include working storage (e.g., DRAM) that may beaccessible via several buses or internal networks so that it canexchange data with switch/router 250, other links 260, link processor210, memory LBL 230, and memory HBL 240. Link memory 220 may bufferpackets to be transmitted on a link, packets received across a link, aswell as other useful data, such as statistics regarding packettransmissions.

Memory LBL 230 may buffer packets and other convenient data associatedwith a low bandwidth link, such as link 140 (FIG. 1). Memory LBL 230 maybuffer both “outbound” packets for transmission through transceiver LBL232 and “inbound” packets that have recently been received viatransceiver LBL 232. Similarly, memory HBL 240 may buffer packets andother convenient data associated with a high bandwidth link, such aslink 130 (FIG. 1). Memory HBL 240 may buffer both “outbound” packets fortransmission through transceiver HBL 242 and “inbound” packets that haverecently been received via transceiver HBL 242. Memory LBL 230 andmemory HBL 240 may also store control information, as will be describedin further detail below. Memories 230 and 240 may be of different sizesand operate at different speeds. For example, memory HBL 240, which isassociated with high bandwidth link 130, may have a much larger capacityfor its working storage and operate at a faster speed than memory LBL230, which is associated with low bandwidth link 140.

Transceiver LBL 232 may include a conventional transceiver, such as amicrowave RF transmitter/receiver and its associated modem. TransceiverHBL 242 may include a conventional transceiver, such as a freespaceoptical transmitter (e.g., a laser and modulator), receiver (e.g., adetector, such as an avalanche photodiode), and modem. Transceiver LBL232 and transceiver BBL 242 may control transmission and reception ofpackets (and possibly other information) via antenna LBL 234 and antennaHBL 244, respectively.

Antenna LBL 234 and antenna HBL 244 are associated with transceiver LBL232 and transceiver HBL 242, respectively. In one exemplaryimplementation, antenna LBL 234 may include a small dish antennasuitable for use with microwaves and antenna HBL 244 may include atelescope suitable for use with freespace optics. Antenna LBL 234 andantenna HBL 244 may be enclosed in an optional common housing (as shownby the dotted line in FIG. 2) to provide, for example, a singlemechanism for pointing both antennas 234 and 244 toward a distant node.Alternatively, antenna LBL 234 might include an electronically steerablephased array while antenna HBL 244 might include a small mirror to steerits light beam.

Optional switch/router 250 may include one or more mechanisms that maybe used to forward or route packets, or other information, to or fromnode 110-x. Optional other links 260 may include links that facilitatethe transmission and reception of packets, or other information, to orfrom node 110-x.

The main data paths within node 110-x may be implemented via buses,backplanes, internal networks, such as Ethernet or fiber links, or anyother convenient mechanisms. While control paths are not explicitlyshown in FIG. 2, it should be understood that node 110-x may includepaths via which link processor 210 can send commands to memories 230 and240, transceivers 232 and 242, antennas 234 and 244, etc. in order topoll their status, provide commands (e.g., for setting the amount offorward error correction or steering an antenna), and the like.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram of a portion of link memory 220, memoryLBL 230, and memory HBL 240 according to an implementation consistentwith the principles of the invention. Link memory 220 may includeoutbound queue 322, inbound queue 324, outbound database 326, andinbound database 328. Outbound queue 322 may buffer packets (andpossibly other information) for transmission via one or more of antennaLBL 234 and antenna HBL 244. Inbound queue 324 may buffer packets (andpossibly other information) that was received via one or more of antennaLBL 234 and antenna BBL 244. Inbound queue 324 may output packets foruse by link processor 210, switch/router 250, and/or other links 260.Queues 322 and 324 may take the form of a linked list or may take otherforms.

While a single outbound queue 322 and a single inbound queue 324 areshown in FIG. 3, in practice there may be more outbound queues and/orinbound queues. For example, packets transmitted or received by node110-x may have different associated classes or priorities or beassociated with different traffic flows or qualities of service. In thiscase, link memory 220 may include multiple outbound and/or inboundqueues (e.g., one for each distinct packet class, packet priority,traffic flow, or quality of service).

FIG. 4 is an exemplary diagram of a portion of outbound queue 322according to an implementation consistent with the principles of theinvention. Inbound queue 324 may be similarly configured. In theexemplary implementation shown in FIG. 4, outbound queue 322 takes theform of a linked list. In other implementations, outbound queue 322 maytake different forms.

Outbound queue 322 may include a number of buffers 410-1 through 410-3(collectively referred to as “buffers 410”). Each of buffers 410 maystore packet data and a sequence number. The sequence number may beassigned by link processor 210 to each outbound packet to uniquelyidentify the packet. The sequence number may be of finite size (e.g., 32bits) and may “wrap around” back to zero when the highest possiblenumber has been used.

Returning to FIG. 3, outbound database 326 may store informationregarding packets to be transmitted via one or more of antenna LBL 234and antenna BBL 244. FIG. 5 is an exemplary diagram of a portion ofoutbound database 326 according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention. Outbound database 326 may include an entryfor each packet (or some of the packets) stored by outbound queue 322.Each entry may include a number of fields, such as packet sequencenumber (SEQ. NO.) field 510, an optional retry time field 520, anoptional expiration (EXP.) time field 530, and an acknowledged (ACK'D)field 540. Packet sequence number field 510 may store the sequencenumber (i) assigned to the packet. Optional retry time field 520 maystore a time value at which a packet may be retransmitted. This fieldtypically stores values for packets that have not yet been acknowledgedas being properly received at its destination. Optional expiration timefield 530 may store a time value after which the packet may beconsidered worthless and may be discarded. Acknowledged field 540 maystore a value that indicates whether an acknowledgement has beenreceived, indicating that the packet has been properly received at itsdestination.

Returning to FIG. 3, inbound database 328 may store informationregarding packets properly received via one or more of antenna LBL 234and antenna HBL 244. FIG. 6 is an exemplary diagram of a portion ofinbound database 328 according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention. Inbound database 328 may include an entryfor each packet (or some of the packets) stored by inbound queue 324.Inbound database 328 makes no distinction for the particular one ofantenna LBL 234 and/or antenna HBL 244 via which a packet is received.In fact a particular packet may be correctly received multiple times(e.g., once via each antenna 234/244 or as a result of repeatedtransmissions).

Each entry in inbound database 328 may include a number of fields, suchas packet sequence number (SEQ. NO.) field 610 and a received field 620.Packet sequence number field 610 may store the sequence number (j)assigned to the packet by the sending node. Received field 620 may storea value that indicates whether the packet was properly received.

Returning to FIG. 3, memory LBL 230 and memory HBL 240 may includeoutbound queues 332 and 342 and inbound queues 334 and 344,respectively. Outbound queues 332 and 342 may buffer packets (andpossibly other information) for transmission via a respective one ofantenna LBL 234 and antenna HBL 244. Inbound queues 334 and 344 maybuffer packets (and possibly other information) that was received via arespective one of antenna LBL 234 and antenna HBL 244. Queues 332, 334,342, 344 may take the form of a linked list or may take other forms.

While FIG. 3 shows a single outbound queue 332/342 and a single inboundqueue 334/344 associated with each of memory LBL 230 and memory HBL 240,in practice there may be more outbound queues and/or inbound queues. Forexample, memory LBL 230 and/or memory HBL 240 may include multipleoutbound and/or inbound queues (e.g., one for each distinct packetclass, packet priority, traffic flow, or quality of service). Also, thesize of outbound queues 332/342 and/or inbound queues 334/344 may differfor memory LBL 230 and memory HBL 342 due to their possibly differingoperating speeds. Further, one or more of outbound queues 332/342 andinbound queues 334/344 may have associated high and/or low thresholds(or watermarks) that may be used to determine how full or empty thequeues are.

FIGS. 7A-7C are flowcharts of exemplary processing for transmitting anoutbound packet according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention. Processing may begin with receipt of anoutbound packet (“current packet”) by link processor 210 (act 705) (FIG.7A). Link processor 210 may receive the current packet fromswitch/router 250, other links 260, or other sources. Link processor 210may then determine whether outbound queue 322 within link memory 220 isfull (act 710). Link processor 210 may make this determination by simplyexamining outbound queue 322 itself or by asking link memory 220.

If outbound queue 322 is full, link processor 210 may determine whetherany of the packets stored in outbound queue 322 may be discarded (act715). For example, link processor 210 may determine whether outboundqueue 322 stores any packets that are lower in priority than the currentpacket. Alternatively, link processor 210 may use other informationassociated with the packets in outbound queue 322, such as theirexpiration times, when determining whether to discard one of them. Iflink processor 210 determines that no packets should be discarded fromoutbound queue 322, then link processor 210 may discard the currentpacket (act 720). Link processor 210 may then end processing regardingthe current packet.

If link processor 210 determines that a packet should be discarded fromoutbound queue 322, then link processor 210 may discard that packet (act725). When link processor 210 determines that outbound queue 322 is notfull (act 710) or discards a packet in outbound queue 322 to make roomfor the current packet (act 725), link processor 210 may increment thecurrent sequence number (i) to create a new sequence number (e.g.,i=i+1) for the current packet (act 730) (FIG. 7B). Link processor 210may then store the current packet and its sequence number (i) inoutbound queue 322 (act 735).

Link processor 210 may then determine whether the current packetrequires high reliability delivery (act 740). A packet may require highreliability delivery when it has a high priority, requires a certain(high) quality of service, or is associated with a communication that issensitive to dropped packets, such as a voice communication. If thecurrent packet requires high reliability delivery, then link processor210 may send a copy of the current packet to outbound queue 332 ofmemory LBL 230 (act 745).

If the current packet does not require high reliability delivery, linkprocessor 210 may determine whether outbound queue 332 in memory LBL 230is too full (act 750). For example, link processor 210 may determinewhether the number of packets stored by outbound queue 332 exceeds ahigh threshold (or watermark). If outbound queue 332 is not too full,then link processor 210 may send a copy of the current packet forstorage in outbound queue 332 (act 755).

If the current packet has been stored in outbound queue 332 (act 745 or755) or outbound queue 332 is too full (act 750), then link processor210 may determine whether outbound queue 342 in memory HBL 240 is toofull (act 760) (FIG. 7C). For example, link processor 210 may determinewhether the number of packets stored by outbound queue 342 exceeds ahigh threshold (or watermark). If outbound queue 342 is not too full,then link processor 210 may send a copy of the current packet forstorage in outbound queue 342 (act 755).

As an optional additional act, link processor 210 may record an entryfor the current packet in outbound database 326 (act 770). Linkprocessor 210 may do this for all packets or just those packets that itdetermines are sufficiently important (e.g., packets with highpriorities or packets associated with a certain traffic flow or qualityof service). As shown in FIG. 5, link processor 120 may store thecurrent packet's sequence number in packet sequence number field 510 andset the value stored in acknowledged field 540 to indicate that noacknowledgement has yet been received (e.g., NO). Optionally, linkprocessor 120 may also store a retry time in retry time field 520 and anexpiration time in expiration time field 530.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for retrying transmissionof outbound packets according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention. The processing described below may beperformed periodically (e.g., once every 100 milliseconds), on anevent-driven basis (e.g., when the number of packets in outbound queue342 drops below a low threshold), or at any other convenient time.

Processing may begin with link processor 210 selecting a set of packetsfor retransmission (act 810). For example, link processor 210 mayanalyze retry time field 520 (FIG. 5) in outbound database 326 todetermine which packets are ready for retransmission. Any packets thathave a corresponding retry time in retry time field 520 earlier than thecurrent time are candidates for retransmission. Link processor 210 mayselect all or some of the candidate packets for retransmission. Forexample, link processor 210 may select packets with the lowest sequencenumbers (i.e., the oldest packets), the more important packets, or anyother set of packets.

Link processor 210 may then determine whether there is sufficient roomin outbound queue 332 of memory LBL 230 for storage of the set ofpackets (act 820). Link processor 210 may make this determination byanalyzing outbound queue 332 itself or by asking memory LBL 230. Ifthere is sufficient room in outbound queue 332, then link processor 210may send copies of the packets for storage in outbound queue 332 (act830). If there is insufficient room in outbound queue 332 to store allof the packets, then link processor 210 may optionally store some ofthem and optionally retry the others at a later time (not shown inflowchart).

Regardless of whether copies of the packets have been stored in outboundqueue 332 (acts 820 and 830), link processor 210 may determine whetherthere is sufficient room in outbound queue 342 of memory HBL 240 forstorage of the set of packets (act 840). Link processor 210 may makethis determination by analyzing outbound queue 342 itself or by askingmemory HBL 240. If there is sufficient room in outbound queue 342, thenlink processor 210 may send copies of the packets for storage inoutbound queue 342 (act 850). If there is insufficient room in outboundqueue 342 to store all of the packets, then link processor 210 mayoptionally store some of them and optionally retry the others at a latertime (not shown in flowchart). Link processor 120 may reset retry timefields 520 (FIG. 5) corresponding to the packets in outbound database326 (act 860). As a result, link processor 120 may attemptretransmission of these packets at a later time if they still have notbeen successfully received by that time.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for receiving an inboundpacket according to an implementation consistent with the principles ofthe invention. Processing may begin with link processor 210 successfullyreceiving a packet via one or more of antenna LBL 234 and antenna HBL244 (act 910). Link processor 210 may inspect the sequence number (j)associated with the packet (act 920). The sequence number may beassigned by the sending node and transmitted along with the packet. Linkprocessor 210 may then set the value in received field 620 (FIG. 6)corresponding to the sequence number (j) in inbound database 328 toindicate that the packet was successfully received (e.g., YES) (act930).

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for transmitting anacknowledgement message according to an implementation consistent withthe principles of the invention. The processing described below may beperformed periodically or whenever some event occurs (e.g., when a fewthousand packets have been correctly received).

Processing may begin with link processor 210 generating anacknowledgement message (act 1010). FIG. 11 is an exemplary diagram ofan acknowledgement message 1100 according to an implementationconsistent with the principles of the invention. Acknowledgement message1100 may include a base sequence number (BASE SEQ. NO.) 1110 and anumber of bit fields 1120. Base sequence number 1110 may be set to somevalue of j (e.g., 1,000). Bit fields 1120 may indicate whether packet jwas correctly received, as well as packets subsequent to packet j (e.g.,packet j+1, packet j+2, etc.). The values stored in bit fields 1120 maybe taken from received field 620 (FIG. 6) of inbound database 328.

This acknowledgement scheme uses simple encoding where one bit is usedfor each sequence number (e.g., a “1” may mean that the correspondingpacket was correctly received and a “0” may mean that the packet was notcorrectly received). Other schemes could alternatively be used. Forexample, the acknowledgement message may be generated to includeexplicit lists of sequence numbers, run-length encoding, compressiontechniques, etc.

Returning to FIG. 10, link processor 210 may send the acknowledgementmessage for storage in outbound queue 332 of memory LBL 230 (act 1020).Link processor 210 may primarily transmit acknowledgement messages viaoutbound queue 332 because it is associated with a reliablecommunication link (i.e., link 140). Link processor 210 may alsodetermine whether outbound queue 342 of memory HBL 240 is full (i.e.,contains no room to store the acknowledgement message) (act 1030). Ifoutbound queue 342 is not full, then link processor 210 may send a copyof the acknowledgement message for storage in outbound queue 342 (act1040).

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for receiving anacknowledgement message according to an implementation consistent withthe principles of the invention. Processing may begin with linkprocessor 210 receiving an acknowledgement message (act 1210). Theacknowledgement message may resemble the one shown in FIG. 11. Linkprocessor 210 may then remove the entries corresponding to the packetsidentified as being successfully received from outbound database 326(act 1220). For example, link processor 120 may identify the packetentries to remove based, at least in part, on the sequence numbersincluded in the acknowledgement message.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for clearing debris fromoutbound database 326 according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention. The processing described below may beperformed periodically if expiration timers are used. Processing maybegin with link processor 120 periodically checking expiration timefields 530 (FIG. 5) in outbound database 326 (act 1310). Link processor120 may then delete entries from outbound database 326 based on thevalues of their expiration fields 530 (act 1320). For example, linkprocessor 120 may delete entries that have an expiration time prior tothe current time.

Systems and methods consistent with the principles of the inventionprovide a hybrid link that includes a slower but more reliable link anda faster but less reliable link. A hybrid link consistent with theprinciples of the invention offers better performance than either of itstwo links by themselves. Communication over the hybrid link may includetransmission over the slower but more reliable link, transmission overthe faster but less reliable link, or transmission over both links.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the presentinvention provides illustration and description, but is not intended tobe exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed.Modifications and variations are possible in light of the aboveteachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention.

For example, while series of acts have been described with regard toFIGS. 7A-10, 12, and 13, the order of the acts may differ in otherimplementations consistent with the principles of the invention.Moreover, non-dependent acts may be performed in parallel.

Further, while described in terms of packets, systems and methodsconsistent with the principles of the invention may operate on any typeor form of data. The term “data unit” will be used to refer to all typesand forms of data, including packet and non-packet data.

It will also be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art thataspects of the invention, as described above, may be implemented in manydifferent forms of software, firmware, and hardware in theimplementations illustrated in the figures. The actual software code orspecialized control hardware used to implement aspects consistent withthe present invention is not limiting of the present invention. Thus,the operation and behavior of the aspects were described withoutreference to the specific software code.

No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the presentapplication should be construed as critical or essential to theinvention unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, thearticle “a” is intended to include one or more items. Where only oneitem is intended, the term “one” or similar language is used. The scopeof the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

1-38. (canceled)
 39. A method, implemented by operation of a computer,comprising: receiving an outbound or an inbound packet in one of aplurality of network nodes; determining whether an outbound queue insaid one node is full and, if so, further determining whether anypackets stored in said outbound queue may be discarded and, if so,discarding one of said any packets; discarding said outbound packet ifnone of said any packets may be discarded; incrementing a sequencenumber for said outbound packet and storing said outbound packet withsaid sequence number in said outbound queue when said outbound queue isnot full or when said one of said any packets is discarded; anddetermining whether said outbound packet requires high-reliabilitydelivery and, if so, sending said outbound packet from said outboundqueue to a low bandwidth link outbound queue within said node.
 40. Themethod of claim 39 further comprising: if said outbound packet does notrequire said high-reliability delivery, determining whether said lowbandwidth link outbound queue is too full and, if not, sending a copy ofsaid outbound packet for storage in said low bandwidth link outboundqueue; if said outbound packet is stored in said low bandwidth linkoutbound queue or if said low bandwidth link outbound queue is too full,determining whether a high bandwidth link outbound queue in said node istoo full and, if not too full, sending said copy of said outbound packetfor storage in said high bandwidth link outbound queue, and transmittingsaid outbound packet from said low bandwidth link outbound queue via alow bandwidth link transceiver-antenna structure to another node in saidnetwork and/or transmitting said outbound packet from said highbandwidth link outbound queue via a high bandwidth linktransceiver-antenna structure to said another node; wherein said nodesare selected from the group of nodes consisting of land/water basednodes, sky-based nodes and space-based nodes.
 41. The method of claim 39further comprising: recording an entry for said outbound packet in anoutbound database in said one node.
 42. The method of claim 41 whereinsaid recording is performed for all outbound packets, or for a subset ofsaid all outbound packets which is determined to be sufficientlyimportant.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein said sufficientlyimportant subset is a function of high priority, certain traffic flow orquality of service.
 44. The method of claim 41 further comprising:storing said sequence number of said outbound packet in said databaseand setting an acknowledgment value corresponding to said sequencenumber in an acknowledged field in said database to indicate that noacknowledgement of receipt by said another node of said outbound packethas yet been received by said one node from said another node.
 45. Themethod of claim 40 wherein said transmitting said outbound packet isaccomplished over transmission links selected from the group of linksconsisting of optical links, RF links, acoustic links and magneticlinks.
 46. The method of claim 40 wherein said low bandwidth linktransceiver-antenna structure includes a microwave RFtransmitter/receiver and an associated modem.
 47. The method of claim 40wherein said high bandwidth link transceiver-antenna structure includesa free-space optical transmitter, an optical receiver and an associatedmodem.
 48. The method of claim 47 wherein said free-space opticaltransmitter is a laser and modulator.
 49. The method of claim 48 whereinsaid optical receiver is an avalanche photodiode detector.
 50. Themethod of claim 49 wherein said low bandwidth link outbound queuecomprises multiple outbound queues, a different one of said queuesassigned, respectively, to a different category of packets, each saidcategory being characterized by one of a distinct packet class, a packetpriority, a traffic flow and a quality of service.
 51. The method ofclaim 40 wherein said high bandwidth link outbound queue comprisesmultiple outbound queues, a different one of said queues assigned,respectively, to a different category of packets, each said categorybeing characterized by one of a distinct packet class, a packetpriority, a traffic flow and a quality of service.
 52. The method ofclaim 49 wherein said discarding comprises: determining whether saidoutbound queue is storing certain of said any packets which are lower inpriority than said outbound packet or if any of said certain packetshave expiration times which have expired.
 53. The method of claim 49wherein said low bandwidth link outbound queue is too full if a numberof packets in said low bandwidth link outbound queue exceeds a highwatermark threshold.
 54. The method of claim 40 wherein said highbandwidth link outbound queue is too full if a number of packets in saidhigh bandwidth link outbound queue exceeds a high watermark threshold.55. The method of claim 40 further comprising: retrying transmission ofsaid outbound packet periodically, or on an event-driven basis, or atanother convenient time when said acknowledgment value indicates thatsaid outbound packet has not been received by said another node.
 56. Themethod of claim 55 wherein said periodically retrying is once every 100milliseconds and wherein said event-driven retrying is when all packetsin said outbound queue total fewer than a low packet number threshold.57. The method of claim 55 wherein said retrying comprises the steps of:(a) selecting a set of candidate packets for retransmission by analyzinga retry time field located in said outbound database to determine whichun-received packets have corresponding retry times stored in said retrytime field that are earlier than current time; (b) selecting either asubset of said candidate packets having the lowest sequence numbers or asubset of said candidate packets which are more important than others ofsaid set; (c) analyzing said low bandwidth link outbound queue todetermine if there is sufficient room for said subset and, if so,storing copies of said subset of said candidate packets in said lowbandwidth link outbound queue and, if not, storing a first portion ofsaid subset in said low bandwidth link outbound queue; (d) analyzingsaid high-bandwidth link outbound queue to determine if there issufficient room for said subset and, if so, storing copies of saidsubset of said candidate packets in said high-bandwidth link outboundqueue and, if not, storing a second portion of said subset in saidhigh-bandwidth link outbound queue; (e) transmitting said subset or saidfirst portion from said low bandwidth link outbound queue via said lowbandwidth link transceiver-antenna structure to said another node and/ortransmitting said subset or said second portion from said high-bandwidthlink outbound queue via said high-bandwidth link transceiver-antennastructure to said another node; and (f) repeating steps (a) through (e)at times subsequent to said current time if any packets in said setremain un-successfully received by said another node at said subsequenttimes.
 58. The method of claim 49 further comprising: receiving, from asending one of said plurality of said network nodes, said inbound packetvia one or more of said low bandwidth link transceiver-antenna structureand said high bandwidth link transceiver-antenna structure; inspecting asequence number associated, and received, with said inbound packet; andsetting a value in a received field in an inbound database located insaid one node, said value corresponding to said inbound packet sequencenumber and indicating that said inbound packet was successfullyreceived.
 59. The method of claim 44 further comprising: said anothernode generating an acknowledgment message upon receipt of said outboundpacket; said another node storing said acknowledgment message in alow-bandwidth link outbound queue located in said another node;determining whether a high-bandwidth link outbound queue in said anothernode is full and, if not, sending a copy of said acknowledgment messagewithin said another node for storage in a high-bandwidth link outboundqueue located in said another node; and transmitting (1) saidacknowledgment message from said low bandwidth link outbound queuelocated in said another node via said low bandwidth linktransceiver-antenna structure to said one node and (2) any saidacknowledgment message from said high bandwidth link outbound queuelocated in said another node via said high bandwidth transceiver antennastructure to said one node.